Numerical investigation of the effects of roughness, a berm and oblique waves on wave overtopping processes at dikes

The mean overtopping discharge and the flow parameters related to individual events are often used characterize wave processes at dikes. Roughness, berms oblique waves have significant effects on dikes while these still not fully understood. A 2DV OpenFOAM® model is validated using experimental data for predicting velocity layer thickness waterside edge of crest. numerical then applied investigate roughness a berm thickness. modelled by creating protrusions along slope. Numerical outcomes indicate that existing empirical formulas underestimate quantities. Introducing factor leads better estimates characteristics. We found characteristics more sensitive variation width than level. Model results demonstrate characteristics, as derived based smooth straight slopes, also work well slopes with berm. Rayleigh Weibull distribution functions estimate exceedance probabilities below 10%. In order take into account, 2D extended 3D domain. This measured discharges. influence in combination analysed. computations confirm reductive dependant width.